Sources
- Hopewell project history, 35 years of litigation, “Thailand’s Stonehenge”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Elevated_Road_and_Train_System - Hopewell spent US$575 million, received zero
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1665208/ - Supreme Administrative Court ordered 11.88B baht + 7.5% interest (2019)
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1665208/ - September 2023: Central Administrative Court overruled arbitration
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2649097/ - Government sought retrial claiming registration irregularities
https://thailand-construction.com/thailands-hopewell-case-the-ongoing-story-so-far/ - Lavalin Skytrain — cancelled 1992, political interference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalin_Skytrain - Lavalin cancellation contributed to company bankruptcy
https://grokipedia.com/page/lavalin_skytrain - Walter Bau — tollway concession, toll increases refused
https://www.iisd.org/itn/2010/05/11/german-investor-awarded-29-million-euros/ - Walter Bau award: €29.2 million + costs
https://www.iisd.org/itn/2010/05/11/german-investor-awarded-29-million-euros/ - Crown Prince’s Boeing 737 targeted for seizure
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000093 - Thailand defaulted on Walter Bau payment
https://www.academia.edu/26259666/Walter_Bau_AG - Cabinet banned arbitration in government contracts (2004, extended 2009)
https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2015/12/15/the-kingdom-of-thailand-and-international-arbitration/ - Rapid Transit Authority — $202M award overturned
https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2014/10/09/thai-administrative-court-overturns/ - ITV arbitration award annulled
https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2014/10/09/thai-administrative-court-overturns/ - Kingsgate — mine shut by Section 44, no compensation
https://www.mining.com/thailand-faces-arbitration-decision-shut-active-gold-mine/ - Kingsgate sought 30B baht, government refused
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1653764/ - Mine reopened 2023, arbitration withdrawn, no compensation paid
https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/cannabis-crunch-thailands-sudden-reversal/ - SRT accumulated debt 230 billion baht
https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/2661361 - SRT 18 billion baht emergency loan 2025
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/3131152/ - SRT annual losses minimum 10 billion baht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand - Foreign judgments not enforceable in Thailand
https://www.ganintegrity.com/country-profiles/thailand/ - Courts “occasionally refused to enforce international arbitration awards”
https://www.ganintegrity.com/country-profiles/thailand/ - Three-airports high-speed rail — signed 2019, still not finalised
https://www.nationthailand.com/blogs/news/general/40062817 - March 2026: Chatree mine ruled to have caused pollution
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/3223414/